Tense

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English English Grammar & Composition | - | NCTB BOOK
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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Present perfect continuous
Future continuous
Past perfect continuous
Present continuous
I see Mahia now.
I saw Mahia just now.
I have just saw Mahia.
I just saw Mahia.
Ashraf had gone to Faridpur
Ashraf went to Faridpur
Ashraf has gone to Faridpur
Ashraf has been to Faridpur

Present Tense

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481

Present Tense মূলত চার প্রকার।

1) Present Indefinite Tense/Present simple

2) Present Continuous/Present progress

3) Present Perfect

4) Present Perfect Continuous

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Present Indefinite Tense

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807

Present Indefinite Tense

বর্তমান কালে অনির্দিষ্টভাবে যেসব কাজ সাধারণত হয় বা হয়ে থাকে; অভ্যাসগতভাবে হয় এবং প্রাকৃতিক নিয়মানুসারে অর্থাৎ চিরন্তন সত্য হিসেবে হয়, সেসব কাজকে Present Indefinite Tense দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা হয়। লক্ষণীয় যে, বলার সময় এসব কাজ ঘটে না অর্থাৎ নির্দিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের সাথে এরা সম্পৃক্ত নয়। তাই কেউ কেউ এ Tense-কে Timeless Tense-ও বলে থাকেন।

Structure: Subject + verb + ext.

Rabindranath's stories often have  surprise endings.

Hints: বাক্যের মধ্যে often থাকলে বাক্যটি Present Indefinite Tense-এর হয়। বাক্যের Subject 'stories' plural হওয়ায় verb has না হয়ে have হবে।

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Present Continuous Tense

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Present Continuous Tense

বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ চলছে, এখনও শেষ হয়নি- এরূপ বোঝাতে Present Continuous Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। সাধারণত বলার সময় কাজটি ঘটতে থাকে অথবা বলার সময় না ঘটলেও কাজটি চলমান, এখনও শেষ হয়নি এমন বোঝায়। 

Structure: Subject + am/is/are +v1 + ing + ext.

যেমন—

The baby is crying because it is hungry now.

Hints: শিশুটি এখন অর্থাৎ বর্তমানে ক্ষুধার্ত এবং বক্তা কথাটি বলার সময়ই শিশুটি কাঁদছে। তেমনিভাবে—

Don't make the noise while your father is sleeping. 

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Present Perfect Tense

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338

Present Perfect Tense

অতীতে সংঘটিত কোনো কাজের বর্তমান। প্রাসঙ্গিকতাই হচ্ছে Present Perfect Tense এ Tense দুই অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয় :

1) কাজ অতীতে বা এইমাত্র শেষ হয়েছে কিন্তু তার ফল বা প্রাসঙ্গিকতা এখনও বিদ্যমান-

Just now he has had his dinner but he says he'll see you when he's finished.

Hints: এখানে hate অর্থ "খাওয়া"। যেমন- আমি সকালের নাস্তা খেয়েছি। have had breakfast. এখানে have-টি Auxiliary Verb আর had -টি মূল verb have-এর past participle, সুতরাং সে এইমাত্র খাবার খেয়েছে- Just now he has had his dinner.

(2) কোনো কাজ অতীতে শুরু হয়ে বর্তমান সময় পর্যন্ত চলছে এরূপ বোঝাতে –

I have been here since Monday.

Hints: বাক্যটির অর্থ আমি সোমবার থেকে এখানে আছি অর্থাৎ গত সোমবার থেকে এখানে আমার অবস্থান শুরু হয়েছে এবং এখনও চলছে।

Structure: Subject + have/has + v3 + ext.

>>>Present Perfect Tense - সুস্পষ্ট অতীতজ্ঞাপক শব্দ, যেমন Yesterday, ago, last ইত্যাদির উল্লেখ থাকতে পারবে না, যদি থাকে তাহলে বাক্যটিকে Past Indefinite করতে হবে। যেমন—

I received your letter yesterday.

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Present Perfect Continuous Tense

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Present Perfect Continuous Tense

কোনো কাজ 

(i) অতীতে শুরু হয়ে এখনও চলছে বোঝাতে Present Perfect Continuous Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।

যেমন—

It has been raining for three days.

(ii) কোনো কাজ অতীতে শুরু হয়ে চলে আসছিল তবে সম্প্রতি বা এইমাত্র শেষ হয়েছে এরূপ বোঝাতেও Present Perfect Continuous ব্যবহৃত হয়। 

যেমন—You look tired. Have you been working very hard? তেমনিভাবে—

Jashim looks sick. He has been suffering from fever for the last 3 days.

Structure: S + have/has + been + V1 + ing + ext.

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Past Tense

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Past Indefinite Tense

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Past Indefinite Tense 

অতীতের নির্দিষ্ট কোনো সময়ে কোনো কাজ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল, এরূপ বোঝাতে Past Indefinite Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। 

Structure: S + V2 + ext.

যেমন—

He came here yesterday. 

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Past Continuous Tense

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Past Continuous Tense

অতীতে কোনো কাজ চলছিল, শেষ হয়নি— এরূপ বোঝাতে Past Continuous Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। তেমনিভাবে অতীতের দুটি সমসাময়িক কাজ when / while দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে when/while যুক্ত অংশটি Past Continuous হয়, অপরটি হয় Past Indefinite, উল্লেখ্য, while-এর পর subject থাকলে এ নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য। (কিন্তু while-এর পর Subject না এসে সরাসরি verb এলে এর সাথে— ing যুক্ত হবে। 

Structure: S + was/were + V1 + ing + ext.

যেমন—

While walking in the garden, he broke his leg.

My uncle arrived while I was watching  TV.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Past Perfect Tense

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 Past Perfect Tense

অতীতের দুটি ক্রমিক ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে যেটি আগে ঘটে সেটি  Past Perfect আর অন্যটি Past Indefinite হয়। সাধারণত before-এর পূর্বে এবং after-এর পরে Past Perfect Tense হয়, অন্য অংশে হয় Past Indefinite.

Structure: S + had + V3 + ext.

My friend had left before I came.

Prodip went to bed after he had learnt his lesson.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

will leave
had left
had been leaving
would be leaving

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

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Past Perfect Continuous Tense

অতীতের দুটি ক্রমিক ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে একটির আগে অন্যটি চলছিল এরূপ বোঝাতে চলমান কাজটি Past Perfect Continuous Tense-এ হয়। অন্যটি হয় Past Indefinite Tense-এ । 

Structure: S + had been + V+ Ing+ Ext.

Hakim had been looking for a new room-mate before he finally succeeded.

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Future Tense

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Future Indefinite Tense

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Future Indefinite Tense

ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ ঘটবে এরূপ বোঝাতে Future Indefinite Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে ভবিষ্যৎ জ্ঞাপক শব্দ যেমন Tomorrow, next etc থাকতে পারে। উল্লেখ্য, Subordinating Conjunction যুক্ত বাক্যে একই সাথে দুটি Future Indefinite হয় না। অর্থাৎ দুটি ভবিষ্যৎ কর্ম Subordinating Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে Conjunction যুক্ত অংশটি Present Indefinite হয়, অপর অংশে Future Indefinite বসে।

Structure: S + shall/will + V1 + ext.

 I will phone you when I get the news.

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Future Continuous Tense

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Future Continuous Tense

ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে (non-stop) এমন বোঝাতে verb এর Future continuous tense হয়।

Structure: Subject + shall/will+ be + verb + ing + extension.

I will be singing a song. We will be discussing the matter. 

She will be cooking rice. They will be helping the innocent. 
 

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Future Perfect Tense

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Future Perfect Tense

(i) ভবিষ্যতে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট কাজ শেষ হয়ে থাকবে এরূপ বোঝালে Future Perfect Tense হয়।

By 2010, 1 will have worked for this firm 15 years.

(ii) ভবিষ্যতে দুটি কাজের মধ্যে একটি আগে শেষ হয়ে থাকবে এরূপ বোঝালে সম্পন্ন হয়ে যাওয়া কাজটি Future Perfect Tense হয় এবং অন্যটি হয় Present

Indefinite.

We shall have finished the work before he comes.

Structure: S + shall/will + have + V3 + ext.

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Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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Future Perfect Continuous

ভবিষ্যতে কোনো একটি কাজ শুরু হবে কিন্তু তার পূর্ব মুহুর্ত পর্যন্ত অন্য আরেকটি কাজ চলতে থাকবে। এরূপ বোঝালে যেই কাজটি চলমান থাকবে সেটি future perfect continuous tense। আর অন্যটি future indefinite/present indefinite tense হবে।

Structure: Subject+ shall have been/ will have been + verb + ing + extension

For example:

I will have been performing the task before our boss says say something.

I will have been playing till 4 pm. 

He will have been reading this book before I give him another book.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Past Form

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Succeeded
Successive
Succeed
Success
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      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app240μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `show_content`, `des_added_by`, `des_updated_by`, `author_name`, `link_subject_id` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (525, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 9759) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app130μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (30549) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app140μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (30549, 102974) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app890μsselect * from (select `questions`.`id`, `questions`.`subject_id`, `questions`.`category_id`, `questions`.`sub_category_id`, `questions`.`board_exam_id`, `questions`.`passage_id`, `questions`.`question_type`, `questions`.`question`, `questions`.`is_duplicate`, `questions`.`status`, `questions`.`image`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, row_number() over (partition by `subjectables`.`subject_id` order by `questions`.`created_at` desc) as `laravel_row` from `questions` inner join `subjectables` on `questions`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` where `subjectables`.`subject_id` in (14977, 15185, 15186, 15187, 15188, 15189, 15190, 15191, 15192, 15193, 15194, 15195, 15196, 15197, 15198, 15199, 17562) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `questions`.`status` = 'active' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null) as `laravel_table` where `laravel_row` <= 5 order by `laravel_row`
        Bindings
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        • 1: active
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app390μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `option_1`, `option_2`, `option_3`, `option_4`, `option_5`, `image_option`, `image_question`, `answer` from `question_options` where `question_options`.`question_id` in (109767, 132170, 135638, 161960, 162095, 177577, 222920, 240490, 240900, 241677, 242137, 242138, 245283, 246778, 248159, 248507, 252903) and `question_options`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app140μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (2, 73) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app400μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (109767, 132170, 135638, 161960, 162095, 177577, 222920, 240490, 240900, 241677, 242137, 242138, 245283, 246778, 248159, 248507, 252903) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app120μsselect `id`, `title`, `passage` from `passages` where `passages`.`id` in (0) and `passages`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • SubjectRepository.php#122satt_satt_mobile_app220μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 14977 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#125satt_satt_mobile_app9.49msselect `id`, `name`, `slug`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where (14248 between `subjects`.`_lft` and `subjects`.`_rgt` and `subjects`.`id` <> 14977) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null order by `_lft` asc
        Bindings
        • 0: 14248
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:125
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:137
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
        • 0: 14683
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
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        • 4: 15189
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        • 10: 15194
        • 11: 15195
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        • 13: 15196
        • 14: 15197
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:325
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:340
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectService.php#82satt_satt_mobile_app220μsselect `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 14977 and `parent_id` = 14683 and `main_category_id` = 3 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
        Bindings
        • 0: 14977
        • 1: 14683
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        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • restrict.blade.php#30satt_satt_mobile_app200μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
      66Subject.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      35SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      18Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
      17QuestionOption.php#?
      App\Models\User
      3User.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      3PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\SubCategory
      1SubCategory.php#?
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